Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Ireland's petrol supply was 80 kt: 63% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (37%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (49%), Azerbaijan (22%) and Norway (7%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
United States39 kt (est. 49%)Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 22%)Norway5.3 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan4.3 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom2.5 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria2.1 kt (est. 3%)Iraq1.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins4.0 kt (est. 5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude not from imports1.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.5 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)50 kt (63%)Netherlands29 kt (37%)United Kingdom0.5 kt (<1%)Ireland: petrol supply80 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- United States39 kt (est. 49%)
- Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway5.3 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan4.3 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom2.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria2.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq1.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins4.0 kt (est. 5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports1.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: petrol supply | 50,041 | 62.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: petrol supply | 29,269 | 36.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: petrol supply | 486 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 32,623 | 65.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 17,418 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,532 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 5,255 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 4,289 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,950 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2,495 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,094 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,890 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,714 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,049 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 486 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of petrol in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (1,890 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (1,049 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (486 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.