Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Ireland's petrol supply was 148 kt: 35% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (46%) and the United Kingdom (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (35%), Azerbaijan (12%) and Norway (8%), and 21% cannot be traced.
Country
United States51 kt (est. 35%)Azerbaijan18 kt (est. 12%)Norway12 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan10.0 kt (est. 7%)Iraq5.8 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom5.5 kt (est. 4%)Brazil4.6 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins9.7 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom: no crude data27 kt (18%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.0 kt (3%)Ireland (own refineries)53 kt (35%)Netherlands69 kt (46%)United Kingdom27 kt (18%)Ireland: petrol supply148 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: petrol supply | 68,774 | 46.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: petrol supply | 52,613 | 35.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: petrol supply | 26,851 | 18.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 34,580 | 65.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 26,851 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 18,033 | 34.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 16,876 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,287 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 9,991 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,704 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 5,789 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 5,532 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 4,595 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,000 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of petrol in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (26,851 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (4,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.