Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2026, Ireland's road diesel supply was 251 kt: 2% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (29%), the United Kingdom (27%) and the United States (26%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (12%), Norway (9%) and Kazakhstan (5%), and 55% cannot be traced.
Country
United States30 kt (est. 12%)Norway23 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom7.9 kt (est. 3%)Iraq7.7 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria6.8 kt (est. 3%)Brazil6.8 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins18 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom: no crude data67 kt (27%)United States: no crude data65 kt (26%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.1 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)4.2 kt (2%)Netherlands73 kt (29%)United Kingdom67 kt (27%)United States65 kt (26%)Belgium21 kt (9%)Germany15 kt (6%)Spain4.6 kt (2%)Ireland: road diesel supply251 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United States30 kt (est. 12%)
- Norway23 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom7.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq7.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria6.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil6.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins18 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data67 kt (27%)
- United States: no crude data65 kt (26%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.1 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 73,420 | 29.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 67,494 | 26.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 64,613 | 25.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 21,419 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,380 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Ireland: road diesel supply | 4,643 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 4,150 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 67,494 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 64,613 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 18,969 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,387 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 7,836 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,707 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6,511 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,393 | 29.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 5,679 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 5,389 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,732 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,450 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,118 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,104 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,837 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 3,191 | 76.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,666 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,436 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,426 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,343 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2,276 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Ireland split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,567 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,468 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,011 | 6.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 778 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 674 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Ireland split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 627 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 624 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Ireland split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 535 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland (own refineries) | 485 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 475 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 462 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Ireland split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 444 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 361 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 290 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Ireland split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 234 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 211 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 208 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Ireland split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 63 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Ireland split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 46 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Ireland split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2026-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-11 to 2026-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (67,494 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (64,613 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (4,104 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,011 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (234 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.