Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Italy's jet fuel supply was 575 kt: 47% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (28%) and India (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (9%), Libya (9%) and the United States (7%), and 55% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan54 kt (est. 9%)Libya52 kt (est. 9%)United States40 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 5%)Iraq21 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia15 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria12 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins36 kt (est. 6%)Kuwait: no crude data161 kt (28%)India: no crude data60 kt (10%)North Korea: no crude data28 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data21 kt (4%)Slovenia: no refinery19 kt (3%)Georgia: no crude data13 kt (2%)Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.7 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)273 kt (47%)Kuwait161 kt (28%)India60 kt (10%)North Korea28 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia21 kt (4%)Slovenia19 kt (3%)Georgia13 kt (2%)Italy: jet fuel supply575 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- India
- North Korea
- Saudi Arabia
- Slovenia
- Georgia
- Azerbaijan54 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya52 kt (est. 9%)
- United States40 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq21 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia15 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria12 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins36 kt (est. 6%)
- Kuwait: no crude data161 kt (28%)
- India: no crude data60 kt (10%)
- North Korea: no crude data28 kt (5%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data21 kt (4%)
- Slovenia: no refinery19 kt (3%)
- Georgia: no crude data13 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 273,216 | 47.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Italy: jet fuel supply | 161,246 | 28.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 59,669 | 10.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| North Korea | Italy: jet fuel supply | 27,894 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 20,882 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 19,451 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Georgia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 12,958 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 161,246 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 59,669 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 54,282 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 52,323 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 39,817 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 36,135 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| North Korea: no crude data | North Korea | 27,894 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 26,018 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 20,882 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 20,747 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 19,451 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 15,351 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Georgia: no crude data | Georgia | 12,958 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 11,927 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 11,866 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 4,749 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (161,246 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (59,669 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- North Korea: no crude data (27,894 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (20,882 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (19,451 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Georgia: no crude data (12,958 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (11,927 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,749 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.