Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Italy's jet fuel supply was 456 kt: 52% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the South Korea (22%), Kuwait (8%) and Greece (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (11%), Azerbaijan (11%) and the United States (9%), and 44% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya48 kt (est. 11%)Azerbaijan48 kt (est. 11%)United States42 kt (est. 9%)Iraq30 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia18 kt (est. 4%)Norway9.6 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins38 kt (est. 8%)South Korea: no crude data98 kt (22%)Kuwait: no crude data36 kt (8%)Libya: no crude data25 kt (5%)Slovenia: no refinery17 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data14 kt (3%)Italy: crude not from imports4.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.5 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)238 kt (52%)South Korea98 kt (22%)Kuwait36 kt (8%)Greece28 kt (6%)Libya25 kt (5%)Slovenia17 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia14 kt (3%)Italy: jet fuel supply456 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- South Korea
- Kuwait
- Greece
- Libya
- Slovenia
- Saudi Arabia
- Libya48 kt (est. 11%)
- Azerbaijan48 kt (est. 11%)
- United States42 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq30 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia18 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway9.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins38 kt (est. 8%)
- South Korea: no crude data98 kt (22%)
- Kuwait: no crude data36 kt (8%)
- Libya: no crude data25 kt (5%)
- Slovenia: no refinery17 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data14 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude not from imports4.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 238,047 | 52.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| South Korea | Italy: jet fuel supply | 98,364 | 21.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: jet fuel supply | 36,381 | 8.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: jet fuel supply | 27,948 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Italy: jet fuel supply | 24,821 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 16,767 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 13,972 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 98,364 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 47,827 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 45,018 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 42,007 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 36,381 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 35,404 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 24,821 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 17,609 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 16,767 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 16,713 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 16,653 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 13,972 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 11,996 | 42.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy (own refineries) | 8,305 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 6,278 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 4,621 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 3,890 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Greece | 3,470 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,681 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 1,335 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,174 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 616 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 396 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- South Korea: no crude data (98,364 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (36,381 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (24,821 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (16,767 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (13,972 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (4,621 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,507 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.