Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Italy's petrol supply was 1,473 kt: 96% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (19%), Libya (19%) and the United States (17%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan284 kt (est. 19%)Libya274 kt (est. 19%)United States248 kt (est. 17%)Iraq130 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan112 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia101 kt (est. 7%)Norway52 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins215 kt (est. 15%)Italy: crude not from imports27 kt (2%)Italy: crude origin not reported23 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.41 Mt (96%)Greece60 kt (4%)Israel5.2 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.47 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- Israel
- Belgium
- Azerbaijan284 kt (est. 19%)
- Libya274 kt (est. 19%)
- United States248 kt (est. 17%)
- Iraq130 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan112 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia101 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway52 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins215 kt (est. 15%)
- Italy: crude not from imports27 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported23 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,407,396 | 95.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 60,335 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Italy: petrol supply | 5,220 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 282,768 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 266,156 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 248,354 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 209,318 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 104,108 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 98,814 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 98,457 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy (own refineries) | 49,102 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 27,320 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 25,898 | 42.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 22,999 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 13,553 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 7,492 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 5,788 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 5,220 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Greece | 2,882 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,535 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,331 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 856 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 9 | 39.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 0 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 0 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (27,320 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (22,999 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,220 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,333 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (0 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.