Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Italy's petrol supply was 1,505 kt: 96% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (18%), Libya (17%) and the United States (15%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan264 kt (est. 18%)Libya253 kt (est. 17%)United States220 kt (est. 15%)Iraq157 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan141 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia100 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria66 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins210 kt (est. 14%)Italy: crude origin not reported45 kt (3%)Italy: crude not from imports44 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.44 Mt (96%)Greece60 kt (4%)Türkiye2.5 kt (<1%)Austria2.2 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.51 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- Türkiye
- Austria
- Azerbaijan264 kt (est. 18%)
- Libya253 kt (est. 17%)
- United States220 kt (est. 15%)
- Iraq157 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan141 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia100 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria66 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins210 kt (est. 14%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported45 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude not from imports44 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,440,509 | 95.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 59,995 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: petrol supply | 2,478 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Italy: petrol supply | 2,197 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 263,706 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 245,316 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 218,479 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 202,245 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 129,441 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 128,569 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 97,756 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 65,837 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 44,936 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 44,224 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 28,186 | 47.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 10,280 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 8,187 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 7,107 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 2,548 | 4.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 2,478 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,405 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 1,282 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 884 | 40.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 555 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 350 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 184 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 130 | 5.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 76 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 19 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude origin not reported (44,936 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (44,224 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,548 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,478 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (130 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.