Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Italy's jet fuel supply was 374 kt: 61% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Libya (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (10%), Libya (10%) and the United States (8%), and 43% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan38 kt (est. 10%)Libya36 kt (est. 10%)United States31 kt (est. 8%)Iraq24 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia16 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria9.2 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins37 kt (est. 10%)Origin not reported: crude unknown96 kt (26%)Libya: no crude data26 kt (7%)Italy: crude not from imports17 kt (4%)Georgia: no crude data9.4 kt (3%)Slovenia: no refinery7.9 kt (2%)Italy: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)229 kt (61%)Libya26 kt (7%)Georgia9.4 kt (3%)Slovenia7.9 kt (2%)Greece5.0 kt (1%)Imports, origin not reported96 kt (26%)Italy: jet fuel supply374 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Libya
- Georgia
- Slovenia
- Greece
- Other (1)
- Azerbaijan38 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya36 kt (est. 10%)
- United States31 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq24 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia16 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria9.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins37 kt (est. 10%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown96 kt (26%)
- Libya: no crude data26 kt (7%)
- Italy: crude not from imports17 kt (4%)
- Georgia: no crude data9.4 kt (3%)
- Slovenia: no refinery7.9 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 229,210 | 61.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Italy: jet fuel supply | 96,407 | 25.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Libya | Italy: jet fuel supply | 25,670 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Georgia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 9,397 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 7,897 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 96,407 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 37,986 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 36,218 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 35,079 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 30,507 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 25,670 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 21,483 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 21,207 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 16,568 | 7.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 15,692 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Georgia: no crude data | Georgia | 9,397 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 9,100 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 7,897 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 5,369 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 2,392 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 761 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 601 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 479 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 216 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 204 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 158 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 109 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 81 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (96,407 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Libya: no crude data (25,670 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (16,568 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Georgia: no crude data (9,397 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (7,897 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (5,369 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (216 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (81 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (96,407 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.