Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Italy's petrol supply was 1,487 kt: 100% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (17%), Libya (15%) and the United States (13%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan246 kt (est. 17%)Libya228 kt (est. 15%)United States198 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan140 kt (est. 9%)Iraq138 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia102 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria59 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins235 kt (est. 16%)Italy: crude not from imports107 kt (7%)Italy: crude origin not reported35 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.48 Mt (100%)Austria2.2 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.49 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Austria
- Azerbaijan246 kt (est. 17%)
- Libya228 kt (est. 15%)
- United States198 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan140 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq138 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia102 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria59 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins235 kt (est. 16%)
- Italy: crude not from imports107 kt (7%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported35 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,484,541 | 99.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Austria | Italy: petrol supply | 2,170 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 246,025 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 234,576 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 227,200 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 197,587 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 139,143 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 137,356 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 107,306 | 7.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 101,637 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 58,939 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 34,772 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 949 | 43.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 462 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 304 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 181 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 113 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 75 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 43 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 43 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (107,306 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (34,772 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (113 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (43 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.