Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Italy's jet fuel supply was 418 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the North Korea (24%), Türkiye (14%) and India (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (8%), Iraq (8%) and Azerbaijan (7%), and 54% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya32 kt (est. 8%)Iraq32 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan30 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 6%)United States22 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria11 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins31 kt (est. 7%)North Korea: no crude data99 kt (24%)Türkiye: no crude data59 kt (14%)India: no crude data40 kt (10%)Italy: crude not from imports9.3 kt (2%)Italy: crude origin not reported8.9 kt (2%)Slovenia: no refinery8.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)184 kt (44%)North Korea99 kt (24%)Türkiye59 kt (14%)India40 kt (10%)Greece28 kt (7%)Slovenia8.4 kt (2%)Italy: jet fuel supply418 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- North Korea
- Türkiye
- India
- Greece
- Slovenia
- Libya32 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq32 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan30 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 6%)
- United States22 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria11 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins31 kt (est. 7%)
- North Korea: no crude data99 kt (24%)
- Türkiye: no crude data59 kt (14%)
- India: no crude data40 kt (10%)
- Italy: crude not from imports9.3 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported8.9 kt (2%)
- Slovenia: no refinery8.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 184,107 | 44.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| North Korea | Italy: jet fuel supply | 98,701 | 23.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: jet fuel supply | 58,857 | 14.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 40,071 | 9.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: jet fuel supply | 27,927 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 8,359 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Korea: no crude data | North Korea | 98,701 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 58,857 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 40,071 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 29,195 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 28,895 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 28,666 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 20,195 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 19,692 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 19,306 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 12,053 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 10,594 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 9,361 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 9,282 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 8,922 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 8,359 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 4,793 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 3,212 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,118 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 1,451 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 1,237 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,111 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 764 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 594 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 594 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- North Korea: no crude data (98,701 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (58,857 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (40,071 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (9,282 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (8,922 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Slovenia: no refinery (8,359 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,237 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (594 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.