Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Italy's petrol supply was 1,360 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (15%), Azerbaijan (15%) and Iraq (12%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya209 kt (est. 15%)Azerbaijan206 kt (est. 15%)Iraq166 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan147 kt (est. 11%)United States145 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria76 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia68 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins207 kt (est. 15%)Italy: crude not from imports65 kt (5%)Italy: crude origin not reported62 kt (5%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.29 Mt (95%)Greece64 kt (5%)Israel5.0 kt (<1%)Austria2.2 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.36 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- Israel
- Austria
- Libya209 kt (est. 15%)
- Azerbaijan206 kt (est. 15%)
- Iraq166 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan147 kt (est. 11%)
- United States145 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria76 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia68 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins207 kt (est. 15%)
- Italy: crude not from imports65 kt (5%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported62 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,289,163 | 94.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 63,963 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Italy: petrol supply | 4,999 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Italy: petrol supply | 2,195 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 204,432 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 202,331 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 200,726 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 141,413 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 137,885 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 135,182 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 74,179 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 65,546 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 64,998 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 62,471 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 27,607 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 10,978 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 7,357 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 4,999 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 4,851 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 3,322 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 2,833 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,544 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,750 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,361 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 1,359 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 959 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 444 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 213 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 148 | 6.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 141 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 108 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 91 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 90 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (64,998 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (62,471 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,999 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,974 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,510 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.