Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Italy's petrol supply was 1,383 kt: 97% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (18%), Azerbaijan (15%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya249 kt (est. 18%)Azerbaijan207 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan174 kt (est. 13%)United States153 kt (est. 11%)Iraq140 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria93 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia58 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins219 kt (est. 16%)Italy: crude origin not reported45 kt (3%)Italy: crude not from imports38 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.34 Mt (97%)Greece30 kt (2%)Austria11 kt (<1%)Israel4.8 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.38 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- Austria
- Israel
- Libya249 kt (est. 18%)
- Azerbaijan207 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan174 kt (est. 13%)
- United States153 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq140 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria93 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia58 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins219 kt (est. 16%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported45 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude not from imports38 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,338,067 | 96.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 29,603 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Italy: petrol supply | 10,539 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Italy: petrol supply | 4,752 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 242,259 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 215,831 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 205,916 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 160,526 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 152,154 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 129,575 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 93,043 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 55,838 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 45,146 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 37,780 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 10,529 | 35.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 8,062 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 4,990 | 47.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 4,752 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,471 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,414 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,822 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,808 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,269 | 12.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 864 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 819 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 634 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 629 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 602 | 5.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 437 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 436 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 222 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria | 132 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude origin not reported (45,146 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (37,780 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,752 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,898 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (824 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.