Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Italy's jet fuel supply was 326 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (20%) and India (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (13%), Kazakhstan (9%) and Azerbaijan (9%), and 42% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya41 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 9%)United States22 kt (est. 7%)Iraq17 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria13 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins26 kt (est. 8%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data65 kt (20%)India: no crude data38 kt (12%)Italy: crude not from imports22 kt (7%)Slovenia: no refinery8.4 kt (3%)Italy: crude origin not reported3.6 kt (1%)Italy (own refineries)215 kt (66%)United Arab Emirates65 kt (20%)India38 kt (12%)Slovenia8.4 kt (3%)Italy: jet fuel supply326 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- India
- Slovenia
- Libya41 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 9%)
- United States22 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq17 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria13 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins26 kt (est. 8%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data65 kt (20%)
- India: no crude data38 kt (12%)
- Italy: crude not from imports22 kt (7%)
- Slovenia: no refinery8.4 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported3.6 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 214,667 | 65.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Italy: jet fuel supply | 65,018 | 20.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 37,763 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 8,362 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 65,018 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 41,308 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 37,763 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 29,484 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 28,011 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 26,418 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 22,399 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 21,975 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 17,423 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 13,021 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 10,989 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 8,362 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 3,639 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (65,018 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (37,763 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (21,975 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (8,362 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (3,639 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.