Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Italy's petrol supply was 1,477 kt: 98% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (19%), Kazakhstan (14%) and Azerbaijan (13%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya280 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan200 kt (est. 14%)Azerbaijan189 kt (est. 13%)United States156 kt (est. 11%)Iraq118 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria92 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia76 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins193 kt (est. 13%)Italy: crude not from imports148 kt (10%)Italy: crude origin not reported24 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.44 Mt (98%)Spain31 kt (2%)Austria1.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.48 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Spain
- Austria
- Libya280 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan200 kt (est. 14%)
- Azerbaijan189 kt (est. 13%)
- United States156 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq118 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria92 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia76 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins193 kt (est. 13%)
- Italy: crude not from imports148 kt (10%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported24 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,444,912 | 97.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Italy: petrol supply | 30,698 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 278,040 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 198,457 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 188,541 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 177,820 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 150,765 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 147,912 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 117,276 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 87,641 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 73,969 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 24,491 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 14,682 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 5,144 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4,765 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,107 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,663 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,296 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 626 | 57.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 521 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 276 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 245 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 156 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 79 | 7.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 66 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 50 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 47 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 44 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria | 26 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (147,912 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (24,491 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (600 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (289 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.