Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Italy's petrol supply was 1,422 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (19%), Kazakhstan (16%) and Azerbaijan (15%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya272 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan230 kt (est. 16%)Azerbaijan219 kt (est. 15%)United States117 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia107 kt (est. 8%)Iraq104 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria75 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins182 kt (est. 13%)Italy: crude not from imports102 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.0 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.36 Mt (95%)Greece32 kt (2%)Spain30 kt (2%)Türkiye2.0 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.42 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- Spain
- Türkiye
- United Kingdom
- Libya272 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan230 kt (est. 16%)
- Azerbaijan219 kt (est. 15%)
- United States117 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia107 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq104 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria75 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins182 kt (est. 13%)
- Italy: crude not from imports102 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,358,058 | 95.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 31,941 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: petrol supply | 30,090 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: petrol supply | 1,985 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 264,144 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 220,427 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 218,468 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 164,946 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 111,444 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 101,521 | 7.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 100,673 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 93,211 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 71,277 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 13,941 | 46.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 11,946 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 9,928 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 7,666 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,942 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 5,220 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 4,242 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,871 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,789 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,012 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 1,985 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,904 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,455 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 910 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 776 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 689 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 684 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 10 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (101,521 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (13,407 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,995 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.