Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Italy's petrol supply was 1,404 kt: 94% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (21%), Azerbaijan (14%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya293 kt (est. 21%)Azerbaijan201 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan194 kt (est. 14%)Iraq123 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia122 kt (est. 9%)United States96 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria61 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins145 kt (est. 10%)Italy: crude not from imports121 kt (9%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported29 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.33 Mt (94%)Bulgaria30 kt (2%)Greece30 kt (2%)Spain14 kt (<1%)Israel4.9 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.40 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Bulgaria
- Greece
- Spain
- Israel
- United Kingdom
- Libya293 kt (est. 21%)
- Azerbaijan201 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan194 kt (est. 14%)
- Iraq123 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia122 kt (est. 9%)
- United States96 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria61 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins145 kt (est. 10%)
- Italy: crude not from imports121 kt (9%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported29 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,325,315 | 94.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Bulgaria | Italy: petrol supply | 30,015 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 29,910 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: petrol supply | 14,025 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Italy: petrol supply | 4,861 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 286,549 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 199,969 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 185,420 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 135,556 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 121,339 | 9.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 118,268 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 112,966 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 93,927 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 59,511 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 28,815 | 96.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 11,810 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 9,439 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 7,524 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 6,924 | 49.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,825 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 4,861 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,345 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,573 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,429 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,362 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 1,200 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 868 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 826 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 638 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 604 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 599 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 588 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 389 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 4 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (121,339 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (28,815 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (12,798 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,865 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,200 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.