Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Italy's jet fuel supply was 456 kt: 51% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Egypt (7%), India (7%) and Greece (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (12%), Kazakhstan (8%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 49% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya57 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan36 kt (est. 8%)Iraq30 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia22 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria12 kt (est. 3%)United States11 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins27 kt (est. 6%)Origin not reported: crude unknown98 kt (22%)Egypt: no crude data30 kt (7%)India: no crude data30 kt (7%)Italy: crude not from imports23 kt (5%)Slovenia: no refinery12 kt (3%)Tunisia: no crude data11 kt (2%)Libya: no crude data9.9 kt (2%)Georgia: no crude data8.5 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)232 kt (51%)Egypt30 kt (7%)India30 kt (7%)Greece25 kt (5%)Slovenia12 kt (3%)Tunisia11 kt (2%)Libya9.9 kt (2%)Georgia8.5 kt (2%)Imports, origin not reported98 kt (22%)Italy: jet fuel supply456 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Libya57 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan36 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq30 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia22 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria12 kt (est. 3%)
- United States11 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins27 kt (est. 6%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown98 kt (22%)
- Egypt: no crude data30 kt (7%)
- India: no crude data30 kt (7%)
- Italy: crude not from imports23 kt (5%)
- Slovenia: no refinery12 kt (3%)
- Tunisia: no crude data11 kt (2%)
- Libya: no crude data9.9 kt (2%)
- Georgia: no crude data8.5 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 231,759 | 50.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Italy: jet fuel supply | 98,316 | 21.5% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 30,240 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 29,820 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: jet fuel supply | 24,981 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 11,871 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Tunisia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 10,893 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Italy: jet fuel supply | 9,869 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Georgia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 8,504 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 98,316 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 51,002 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 36,097 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 31,965 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 30,240 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 29,820 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 25,220 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 22,753 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 22,053 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 19,950 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 11,871 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 11,614 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 11,105 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Tunisia: no crude data | Tunisia | 10,893 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 9,869 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Georgia: no crude data | Georgia | 8,504 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 7,906 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 5,830 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,501 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,354 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,149 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 743 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 498 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (98,316 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Egypt: no crude data (30,240 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (29,820 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (22,753 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (11,871 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Tunisia: no crude data (10,893 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (9,869 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Georgia: no crude data (8,504 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (743 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (98,316 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.