Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Italy's jet fuel supply was 696 kt: 41% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from China (14%), the North Korea (14%) and Egypt (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (10%), Azerbaijan (7%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 57% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya71 kt (est. 10%)Azerbaijan51 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 7%)Iraq38 kt (est. 5%)United States23 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria15 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins35 kt (est. 5%)China: no crude data99 kt (14%)North Korea: no crude data98 kt (14%)Egypt: no crude data57 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data40 kt (6%)India: no crude data32 kt (5%)Israel: no crude data30 kt (4%)Italy: crude not from imports23 kt (3%)Slovenia: no refinery14 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)284 kt (41%)China99 kt (14%)North Korea98 kt (14%)Egypt57 kt (8%)Greece41 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia40 kt (6%)India32 kt (5%)Israel30 kt (4%)Slovenia14 kt (2%)Italy: jet fuel supply696 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- China
- North Korea
- Egypt
- Greece
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- Israel
- Other (1)
- Libya71 kt (est. 10%)
- Azerbaijan51 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq38 kt (est. 5%)
- United States23 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria15 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins35 kt (est. 5%)
- China: no crude data99 kt (14%)
- North Korea: no crude data98 kt (14%)
- Egypt: no crude data57 kt (8%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data40 kt (6%)
- India: no crude data32 kt (5%)
- Israel: no crude data30 kt (4%)
- Italy: crude not from imports23 kt (3%)
- Slovenia: no refinery14 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 284,299 | 40.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| China | Italy: jet fuel supply | 98,535 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| North Korea | Italy: jet fuel supply | 98,244 | 14.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 57,493 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: jet fuel supply | 41,209 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 40,456 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 32,207 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Italy: jet fuel supply | 29,666 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 14,143 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| China: no crude data | China | 98,535 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| North Korea: no crude data | North Korea | 98,244 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 64,487 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 57,493 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 50,616 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 40,456 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 36,276 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 32,207 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 30,506 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 29,666 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 23,438 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 23,179 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 22,533 | 7.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 18,751 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 14,792 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 14,513 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 14,143 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 11,042 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 6,744 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 4,429 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,733 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 816 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 653 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- China: no crude data (98,535 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- North Korea: no crude data (98,244 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (57,493 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (40,456 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (32,207 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (29,666 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (22,533 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (14,143 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (653 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.