Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Italy's jet fuel supply was 464 kt: 58% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Egypt (7%), Saudi Arabia (6%) and Greece (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (12%), Azerbaijan (10%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 39% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya55 kt (est. 12%)Azerbaijan45 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 9%)Iraq31 kt (est. 7%)United States28 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria21 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia15 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins45 kt (est. 10%)Origin not reported: crude unknown98 kt (21%)Egypt: no crude data30 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data29 kt (6%)Slovenia: no refinery12 kt (3%)Italy: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)267 kt (58%)Egypt30 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia29 kt (6%)Greece27 kt (6%)Slovenia12 kt (3%)Imports, origin not reported98 kt (21%)Italy: jet fuel supply464 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Egypt
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Slovenia
- Other (1)
- Libya55 kt (est. 12%)
- Azerbaijan45 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq31 kt (est. 7%)
- United States28 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria21 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia15 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins45 kt (est. 10%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown98 kt (21%)
- Egypt: no crude data30 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data29 kt (6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery12 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 267,018 | 57.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Italy: jet fuel supply | 98,370 | 21.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 30,307 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 28,891 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: jet fuel supply | 26,939 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 12,255 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 98,370 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 50,668 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 45,373 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 42,009 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 34,466 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 30,307 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 28,891 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 27,597 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 21,929 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 21,464 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 12,483 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 12,255 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 11,029 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 9,439 | 35.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 7,591 | 28.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,289 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,161 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,154 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 307 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (98,370 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Egypt: no crude data (30,307 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (28,891 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (12,255 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Italy: crude not from imports (11,029 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (307 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (98,370 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.