Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Italy's petrol supply was 1,315 kt: 99% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (19%), Azerbaijan (17%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya248 kt (est. 19%)Azerbaijan221 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan174 kt (est. 13%)United States134 kt (est. 10%)Iraq110 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria104 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia62 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins206 kt (est. 16%)Italy: crude not from imports54 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.30 Mt (99%)Greece11 kt (<1%)Romania6.0 kt (<1%)Austria0.8 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.32 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- Romania
- Austria
- United Kingdom
- Libya248 kt (est. 19%)
- Azerbaijan221 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan174 kt (est. 13%)
- United States134 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq110 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria104 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia62 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins206 kt (est. 16%)
- Italy: crude not from imports54 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,297,636 | 98.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 10,920 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Italy: petrol supply | 6,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 246,233 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 220,499 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 204,154 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 167,497 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 134,114 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 106,568 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 104,308 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 60,665 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 53,597 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 3,826 | 35.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 3,077 | 28.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,553 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,738 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,461 | 24.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,281 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 888 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 873 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 518 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 440 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 316 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 264 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 124 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Austria | 121 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 104 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 56 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 43 | 5.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 36 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 27 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 21 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 4 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (53,597 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,505 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (388 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (27 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.