Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Italy's petrol supply was 1,440 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (15%), Kazakhstan (14%) and Libya (14%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan214 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan195 kt (est. 14%)Libya195 kt (est. 14%)Iraq140 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria118 kt (est. 8%)United States99 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia81 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins259 kt (est. 18%)Italy: crude not from imports118 kt (8%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.37 Mt (95%)Belgium33 kt (2%)Greece30 kt (2%)Romania4.9 kt (<1%)Spain3.1 kt (<1%)Hungary1.5 kt (<1%)Austria1.0 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.44 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Greece
- Romania
- Spain
- Hungary
- Austria
- United Kingdom
- Azerbaijan214 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan195 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya195 kt (est. 14%)
- Iraq140 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria118 kt (est. 8%)
- United States99 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia81 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins259 kt (est. 18%)
- Italy: crude not from imports118 kt (8%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,366,283 | 94.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Italy: petrol supply | 32,728 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 29,978 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Italy: petrol supply | 4,876 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: petrol supply | 3,142 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Italy: petrol supply | 1,523 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 234,787 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 212,389 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 189,871 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 181,482 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 128,201 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 118,113 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 115,754 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 94,228 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 78,318 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 16,519 | 50.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 13,140 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 10,689 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 7,667 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,731 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,149 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,069 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,784 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,533 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,611 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,077 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,027 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,662 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,428 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,271 | 83.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Italy split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,108 | 22.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 795 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 703 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 524 | 50.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 478 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 422 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 418 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 375 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Romania | 249 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 231 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 225 | 4.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 222 | 14.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 177 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 151 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 147 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 139 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 122 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 84 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 81 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 77 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 73 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 71 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 64 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 57 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 30 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Italy split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 22 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 17 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 16 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (118,113 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (18,622 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,474 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (22 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.