Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Italy's petrol supply was 1,198 kt: 94% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (16%), Libya (15%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan194 kt (est. 16%)Libya178 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan168 kt (est. 14%)Iraq104 kt (est. 9%)United States100 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia88 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria82 kt (est. 7%)Other crude origins199 kt (est. 17%)Italy: crude not from imports71 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.12 Mt (94%)Greece55 kt (5%)Croatia12 kt (<1%)Austria6.2 kt (<1%)Hungary2.3 kt (<1%)Türkiye1.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.20 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- Croatia
- Austria
- Hungary
- Türkiye
- United Kingdom
- Azerbaijan194 kt (est. 16%)
- Libya178 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan168 kt (est. 14%)
- Iraq104 kt (est. 9%)
- United States100 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia88 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria82 kt (est. 7%)
- Other crude origins199 kt (est. 17%)
- Italy: crude not from imports71 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,121,711 | 93.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 55,036 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Italy: petrol supply | 11,949 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Italy: petrol supply | 6,170 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Italy: petrol supply | 2,268 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: petrol supply | 1,200 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 188,751 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 182,410 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 170,497 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 149,694 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 100,271 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 88,489 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 81,418 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 77,948 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 71,093 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 15,223 | 27.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 15,140 | 27.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 11,141 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 8,398 | 70.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's petrol to Italy split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 8,055 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,911 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 5,527 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 3,338 | 54.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 3,040 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Croatia | 2,220 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's petrol to Italy split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,860 | 82.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Italy split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 1,344 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia | 1,331 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's petrol to Italy split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 1,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 881 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 796 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 466 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 408 | 18.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 362 | 5.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 336 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 303 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 303 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 98 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 82 | 1.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 8 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (71,093 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (12,019 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,208 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (771 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.