Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Italy's jet fuel supply was 358 kt: 47% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (27%), Egypt (16%) and Libya (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (9%), Azerbaijan (7%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 56% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya31 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 6%)Iraq14 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 4%)United States11 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria9.4 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins30 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data98 kt (27%)Egypt: no crude data59 kt (16%)Libya: no crude data25 kt (7%)Slovenia: no refinery8.1 kt (2%)Italy: crude not from imports7.9 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)167 kt (47%)Saudi Arabia98 kt (27%)Egypt59 kt (16%)Libya25 kt (7%)Slovenia8.1 kt (2%)Italy: jet fuel supply358 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Libya
- Slovenia
- Libya31 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq14 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 4%)
- United States11 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria9.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins30 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data98 kt (27%)
- Egypt: no crude data59 kt (16%)
- Libya: no crude data25 kt (7%)
- Slovenia: no refinery8.1 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude not from imports7.9 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 167,436 | 46.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 97,968 | 27.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 58,941 | 16.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Italy: jet fuel supply | 25,162 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 8,132 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 97,968 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 58,941 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 31,458 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 30,275 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 25,821 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 25,162 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 22,618 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 14,257 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 13,306 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 10,888 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 9,395 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 8,132 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 7,860 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 1,557 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (97,968 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (58,941 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (25,162 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (8,132 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Italy: crude not from imports (7,860 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,557 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.