Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Italy's petrol supply was 1,543 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (18%), Azerbaijan (15%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya280 kt (est. 18%)Azerbaijan227 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan206 kt (est. 13%)Iraq128 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia119 kt (est. 8%)United States107 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria86 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins300 kt (est. 19%)Italy: crude not from imports69 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.47 Mt (95%)Belgium33 kt (2%)Spain30 kt (2%)Austria6.4 kt (<1%)Türkiye3.5 kt (<1%)Hungary2.3 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.54 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Spain
- Austria
- Türkiye
- Hungary
- United Kingdom
- Libya280 kt (est. 18%)
- Azerbaijan227 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan206 kt (est. 13%)
- Iraq128 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia119 kt (est. 8%)
- United States107 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria86 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins300 kt (est. 19%)
- Italy: crude not from imports69 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,468,077 | 95.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Italy: petrol supply | 32,780 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: petrol supply | 29,810 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Italy: petrol supply | 6,391 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: petrol supply | 3,502 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Italy: petrol supply | 2,263 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 275,823 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 265,455 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 226,400 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 198,311 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 125,007 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 116,671 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 95,469 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 82,373 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 68,914 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 17,005 | 51.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 15,509 | 52.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 13,654 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,680 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 4,379 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 3,502 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 3,175 | 49.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,044 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,000 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,725 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 1,862 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,822 | 80.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Italy split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,447 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,327 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,312 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,282 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,189 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 933 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 654 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 653 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 477 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 399 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 391 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 390 | 6.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 354 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 352 | 15.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 306 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 257 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 162 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 88 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Italy split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 69 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 13 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (68,914 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (18,335 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,515 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (999 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.