Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Italy's jet fuel supply was 369 kt: 52% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (27%), Egypt (8%) and Türkiye (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (13%), Kazakhstan (7%) and Azerbaijan (7%), and 48% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya47 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 7%)Iraq18 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia17 kt (est. 4%)United States13 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria10 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins35 kt (est. 10%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data99 kt (27%)Egypt: no crude data30 kt (8%)Türkiye: no crude data28 kt (8%)Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (3%)Slovenia: no refinery6.7 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)193 kt (52%)United Arab Emirates99 kt (27%)Egypt30 kt (8%)Türkiye28 kt (8%)Greece13 kt (4%)Slovenia6.7 kt (2%)Italy: jet fuel supply369 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Egypt
- Türkiye
- Greece
- Slovenia
- Libya47 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq18 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia17 kt (est. 4%)
- United States13 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria10 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins35 kt (est. 10%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data99 kt (27%)
- Egypt: no crude data30 kt (8%)
- Türkiye: no crude data28 kt (8%)
- Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (3%)
- Slovenia: no refinery6.7 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 192,670 | 52.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Italy: jet fuel supply | 98,623 | 26.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 29,738 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: jet fuel supply | 27,977 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: jet fuel supply | 12,993 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 6,747 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 98,623 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 44,922 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 33,984 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 29,738 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 27,977 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 25,338 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 23,609 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 15,435 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 14,746 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 12,853 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 11,883 | 6.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 9,900 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 6,747 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 3,717 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 2,874 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,432 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,301 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,122 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 634 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 378 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 334 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 201 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (98,623 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (29,738 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (27,977 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (11,883 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (6,747 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (378 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (201 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.