Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Italy's jet fuel supply was 322 kt: 39% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (31%), Türkiye (18%) and Egypt (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (9%), and 63% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya29 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 5%)Iraq9.6 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia9.6 kt (est. 3%)United States8.0 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria7.3 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins25 kt (est. 8%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data98 kt (31%)Türkiye: no crude data58 kt (18%)Egypt: no crude data32 kt (10%)Slovenia: no refinery7.6 kt (2%)Italy: crude not from imports6.4 kt (2%)Italy (own refineries)126 kt (39%)United Arab Emirates98 kt (31%)Türkiye58 kt (18%)Egypt32 kt (10%)Slovenia7.6 kt (2%)Italy: jet fuel supply322 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Türkiye
- Egypt
- Slovenia
- Libya29 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq9.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia9.6 kt (est. 3%)
- United States8.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria7.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins25 kt (est. 8%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data98 kt (31%)
- Türkiye: no crude data58 kt (18%)
- Egypt: no crude data32 kt (10%)
- Slovenia: no refinery7.6 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude not from imports6.4 kt (2%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 126,339 | 39.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Italy: jet fuel supply | 98,414 | 30.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: jet fuel supply | 57,851 | 18.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 31,969 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 7,590 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 98,414 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 57,851 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 31,969 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 29,388 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 25,031 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 15,734 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 15,254 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 9,609 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 9,559 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 7,973 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 7,590 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 7,342 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 6,449 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (98,414 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (57,851 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (31,969 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (7,590 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Italy: crude not from imports (6,449 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.