Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Italy's petrol supply was 1,344 kt: 94% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (23%), Kazakhstan (13%) and Azerbaijan (13%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya307 kt (est. 23%)Kazakhstan178 kt (est. 13%)Azerbaijan174 kt (est. 13%)United States98 kt (est. 7%)Iraq81 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria78 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia77 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins261 kt (est. 19%)Italy: crude not from imports82 kt (6%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.26 Mt (94%)Spain41 kt (3%)France27 kt (2%)Greece10 kt (<1%)Israel5.2 kt (<1%)Hungary3.0 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.34 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Spain
- France
- Greece
- Israel
- Hungary
- United Kingdom
- Libya307 kt (est. 23%)
- Kazakhstan178 kt (est. 13%)
- Azerbaijan174 kt (est. 13%)
- United States98 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq81 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria78 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia77 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins261 kt (est. 19%)
- Italy: crude not from imports82 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,256,747 | 93.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Italy: petrol supply | 41,375 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Italy: petrol supply | 27,376 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 10,026 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Italy: petrol supply | 5,224 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Italy: petrol supply | 3,006 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 298,654 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 227,212 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 173,910 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 169,117 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 86,584 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 81,867 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 74,834 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 73,242 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 71,327 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 23,934 | 57.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,252 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6,358 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 5,244 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 5,224 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,240 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,705 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,274 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 3,160 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,960 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 2,654 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,399 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,353 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 2,283 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 2,263 | 75.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Italy split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,853 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,816 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,663 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 931 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 870 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 779 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 621 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 404 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 340 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 303 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 73 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Italy split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 49 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Italy split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 7 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (81,867 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,231 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,492 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (340 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.