Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Italy's jet fuel supply was 447 kt: 52% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (21%), Egypt (13%) and Libya (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (12%), Azerbaijan (9%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 52% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya55 kt (est. 12%)Azerbaijan40 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 7%)Iraq14 kt (est. 3%)United States14 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria9.9 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia9.5 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins41 kt (est. 9%)India: no crude data96 kt (21%)Egypt: no crude data58 kt (13%)Libya: no crude data50 kt (11%)Italy: crude not from imports19 kt (4%)Slovenia: no refinery9.2 kt (2%)Italy (own refineries)234 kt (52%)India96 kt (21%)Egypt58 kt (13%)Libya50 kt (11%)Slovenia9.2 kt (2%)Italy: jet fuel supply447 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- India
- Egypt
- Libya
- Slovenia
- Libya55 kt (est. 12%)
- Azerbaijan40 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq14 kt (est. 3%)
- United States14 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria9.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia9.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins41 kt (est. 9%)
- India: no crude data96 kt (21%)
- Egypt: no crude data58 kt (13%)
- Libya: no crude data50 kt (11%)
- Italy: crude not from imports19 kt (4%)
- Slovenia: no refinery9.2 kt (2%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 233,778 | 52.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 95,908 | 21.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 57,695 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Italy: jet fuel supply | 50,099 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 9,198 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 95,908 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 57,695 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 54,532 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 50,099 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 40,842 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 39,625 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 32,911 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 18,753 | 8.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 14,074 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 13,625 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 9,892 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 9,525 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 9,198 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (95,908 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (57,695 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (50,099 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (18,753 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (9,198 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.