Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Italy's jet fuel supply was 469 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (26%) and Egypt (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (11%), Azerbaijan (11%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 45% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya54 kt (est. 11%)Azerbaijan53 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan44 kt (est. 9%)United States19 kt (est. 4%)Iraq14 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia14 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria12 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins48 kt (est. 10%)India: no crude data123 kt (26%)Italy: crude not from imports33 kt (7%)Egypt: no crude data28 kt (6%)Angola: no crude data16 kt (3%)Slovenia: no refinery12 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)268 kt (57%)India123 kt (26%)Egypt28 kt (6%)Belgium23 kt (5%)Angola16 kt (3%)Slovenia12 kt (2%)Italy: jet fuel supply469 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Libya54 kt (est. 11%)
- Azerbaijan53 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan44 kt (est. 9%)
- United States19 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq14 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia14 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria12 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins48 kt (est. 10%)
- India: no crude data123 kt (26%)
- Italy: crude not from imports33 kt (7%)
- Egypt: no crude data28 kt (6%)
- Angola: no crude data16 kt (3%)
- Slovenia: no refinery12 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 268,238 | 57.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 122,897 | 26.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 27,881 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Italy: jet fuel supply | 22,831 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Angola | Italy: jet fuel supply | 15,500 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 11,555 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 122,897 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 52,833 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 52,563 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 40,419 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 35,081 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 33,440 | 12.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 27,881 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola: no crude data | Angola | 15,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 15,374 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 13,869 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 13,794 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 12,593 | 55.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 11,555 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 10,864 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,844 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,454 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,083 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 720 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 491 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 324 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 320 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (122,897 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (33,440 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Egypt: no crude data (27,881 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Angola: no crude data (15,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (11,555 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (324 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.