Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Italy's petrol supply was 1,499 kt: 91% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (19%), Azerbaijan (18%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya278 kt (est. 19%)Azerbaijan268 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan225 kt (est. 15%)Iraq90 kt (est. 6%)United States78 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia76 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria55 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins187 kt (est. 12%)Italy: crude not from imports171 kt (11%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data18 kt (1%)Switzerland: no crude data17 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.37 Mt (91%)Greece60 kt (4%)Bulgaria30 kt (2%)Singapore18 kt (1%)Switzerland17 kt (1%)Türkiye4.8 kt (<1%)Hungary0.7 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.50 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- Bulgaria
- Singapore
- Switzerland
- Türkiye
- Hungary
- United Kingdom
- Libya278 kt (est. 19%)
- Azerbaijan268 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan225 kt (est. 15%)
- Iraq90 kt (est. 6%)
- United States78 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia76 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria55 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins187 kt (est. 12%)
- Italy: crude not from imports171 kt (11%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data18 kt (1%)
- Switzerland: no crude data17 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,368,219 | 91.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 59,906 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Italy: petrol supply | 30,042 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Italy: petrol supply | 17,952 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Italy: petrol supply | 16,934 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: petrol supply | 4,769 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 269,490 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 268,114 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 206,168 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 178,938 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 170,572 | 12.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 78,420 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 70,744 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 70,361 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 55,414 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 29,541 | 98.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 19,478 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 18,647 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 17,952 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 16,934 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece | 8,481 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 7,362 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 5,938 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 4,769 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 542 | 77.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Italy split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 501 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 107 | 15.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 52 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Italy split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 19 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (170,572 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (29,541 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (17,952 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Switzerland: no crude data (16,934 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,788 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (608 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.