Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Italy's petrol supply was 1,545 kt: 93% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (19%), Azerbaijan (16%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya299 kt (est. 19%)Azerbaijan252 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan230 kt (est. 15%)Iraq105 kt (est. 7%)United States98 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia92 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria82 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins225 kt (est. 15%)Italy: crude not from imports152 kt (10%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.44 Mt (93%)Netherlands61 kt (4%)Greece30 kt (2%)Ireland6.9 kt (<1%)Türkiye4.8 kt (<1%)Austria2.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.55 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Greece
- Ireland
- Türkiye
- Austria
- United Kingdom
- Libya299 kt (est. 19%)
- Azerbaijan252 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan230 kt (est. 15%)
- Iraq105 kt (est. 7%)
- United States98 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia92 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria82 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins225 kt (est. 15%)
- Italy: crude not from imports152 kt (10%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,440,336 | 93.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Italy: petrol supply | 61,346 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 29,828 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland | Italy: petrol supply | 6,866 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: petrol supply | 4,777 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Italy: petrol supply | 2,179 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 293,433 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 251,579 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 212,986 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 192,495 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 151,858 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 89,808 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 87,923 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 81,794 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 78,461 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 25,659 | 41.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 11,980 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 10,007 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 8,389 | 28.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,016 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 5,453 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,099 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,934 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 4,777 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 4,228 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland | 3,774 | 55.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Italy split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,642 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland | 2,303 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Italy split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,270 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,496 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,103 | 50.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland | 789 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Italy split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 408 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 238 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 120 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 100 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 93 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 65 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 36 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Austria | 16 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 11 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (151,858 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,135 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,788 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (93 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.