Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Italy's petrol supply was 1,527 kt: 98% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (24%), Azerbaijan (15%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya361 kt (est. 24%)Azerbaijan227 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan177 kt (est. 12%)United States135 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia111 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria104 kt (est. 7%)Brazil58 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins225 kt (est. 15%)Italy: crude not from imports122 kt (8%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.49 Mt (98%)Romania29 kt (2%)Austria3.2 kt (<1%)Türkiye3.0 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.53 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Romania
- Austria
- Türkiye
- Libya361 kt (est. 24%)
- Azerbaijan227 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan177 kt (est. 12%)
- United States135 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia111 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria104 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil58 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins225 kt (est. 15%)
- Italy: crude not from imports122 kt (8%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,491,528 | 97.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Romania | Italy: petrol supply | 28,985 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Italy: petrol supply | 3,230 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: petrol supply | 2,997 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 358,309 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 225,306 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 220,685 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 158,783 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 134,598 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 122,001 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 110,092 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 104,060 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy (own refineries) | 57,694 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 16,626 | 57.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 4,701 | 16.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 3,947 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 2,997 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Romania | 2,468 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,711 | 53.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 1,243 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Italy split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 480 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 446 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 264 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 246 | 7.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 59 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 25 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (122,001 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,946 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,997 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.