Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Italy's petrol supply was 1,329 kt: 98% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (24%), Azerbaijan (15%) and the United States (13%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya323 kt (est. 24%)Azerbaijan197 kt (est. 15%)United States171 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan123 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia90 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria88 kt (est. 7%)Iraq52 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins189 kt (est. 14%)Italy: crude not from imports96 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.30 Mt (98%)Greece30 kt (2%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.33 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- United Kingdom
- Libya323 kt (est. 24%)
- Azerbaijan197 kt (est. 15%)
- United States171 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan123 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia90 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria88 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq52 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins189 kt (est. 14%)
- Italy: crude not from imports96 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,299,212 | 97.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 29,919 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 317,866 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 195,329 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 186,474 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 171,122 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 116,594 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 95,819 | 7.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 88,416 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 87,416 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 40,175 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 11,796 | 39.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 6,080 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,913 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,632 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,184 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,654 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 660 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 12 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (95,819 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (660 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (12 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.