Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Italy's jet fuel supply was 467 kt: 45% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (21%), Egypt (12%) and the Netherlands (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (10%), the United States (8%) and Azerbaijan (7%), and 50% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya48 kt (est. 10%)United States38 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan31 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan30 kt (est. 6%)Iraq18 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria15 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia12 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins43 kt (est. 9%)India: no crude data96 kt (21%)Egypt: no crude data58 kt (12%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data41 kt (9%)Italy: crude not from imports27 kt (6%)Slovenia: no refinery7.1 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)211 kt (45%)India96 kt (21%)Egypt58 kt (12%)Netherlands44 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia41 kt (9%)Greece10.0 kt (2%)Slovenia7.1 kt (2%)Italy: jet fuel supply467 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- India
- Egypt
- Netherlands
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Slovenia
- Libya48 kt (est. 10%)
- United States38 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan31 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan30 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq18 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria15 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia12 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins43 kt (est. 9%)
- India: no crude data96 kt (21%)
- Egypt: no crude data58 kt (12%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data41 kt (9%)
- Italy: crude not from imports27 kt (6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery7.1 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 211,489 | 45.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 95,715 | 20.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 57,796 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: jet fuel supply | 44,078 | 9.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 40,619 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: jet fuel supply | 9,989 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 7,093 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 95,715 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 57,796 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 46,573 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 40,619 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 30,748 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 27,896 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 26,792 | 12.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 24,586 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 20,953 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 17,621 | 40.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 11,475 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 11,260 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 11,205 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 9,837 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 7,093 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 6,458 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 4,319 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,154 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,846 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,581 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,168 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,604 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,580 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 631 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 546 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 506 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 215 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (95,715 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (57,796 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (40,619 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (26,792 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (7,093 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,061 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,580 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.