Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Italy's petrol supply was 1,277 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (21%), Azerbaijan (14%) and the United States (13%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya273 kt (est. 21%)Azerbaijan178 kt (est. 14%)United States167 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan133 kt (est. 10%)Iraq80 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria68 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia67 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins155 kt (est. 12%)Italy: crude not from imports154 kt (12%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.21 Mt (95%)Greece31 kt (2%)Netherlands30 kt (2%)Austria3.3 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.28 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- Netherlands
- Austria
- Libya273 kt (est. 21%)
- Azerbaijan178 kt (est. 14%)
- United States167 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan133 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq80 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria68 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia67 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins155 kt (est. 12%)
- Italy: crude not from imports154 kt (12%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,213,509 | 95.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 30,533 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: petrol supply | 29,915 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Italy: petrol supply | 3,289 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 267,234 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 176,429 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 160,068 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 153,731 | 12.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 141,075 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 120,227 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 65,841 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 64,611 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 64,293 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 13,202 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,959 | 40.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,676 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 6,627 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,901 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 4,383 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,141 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,932 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,928 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,818 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,752 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,669 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,548 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,072 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 657 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Austria | 464 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 315 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 281 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 190 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 158 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 63 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (153,731 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,589 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,262 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.