Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Italy's jet fuel supply was 415 kt: 56% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (23%), Egypt (13%) and Türkiye (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (13%), Azerbaijan (8%) and the United States (7%), and 52% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya53 kt (est. 13%)Azerbaijan32 kt (est. 8%)United States27 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 5%)Iraq19 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria9.0 kt (est. 2%)Algeria9.0 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins29 kt (est. 7%)India: no crude data95 kt (23%)Egypt: no crude data54 kt (13%)Türkiye: no crude data28 kt (7%)Italy: crude not from imports27 kt (6%)Slovenia: no refinery6.9 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)231 kt (56%)India95 kt (23%)Egypt54 kt (13%)Türkiye28 kt (7%)Slovenia6.9 kt (2%)Italy: jet fuel supply415 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- India
- Egypt
- Türkiye
- Slovenia
- Libya53 kt (est. 13%)
- Azerbaijan32 kt (est. 8%)
- United States27 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq19 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria9.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Algeria9.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins29 kt (est. 7%)
- India: no crude data95 kt (23%)
- Egypt: no crude data54 kt (13%)
- Türkiye: no crude data28 kt (7%)
- Italy: crude not from imports27 kt (6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery6.9 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 230,893 | 55.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 94,941 | 22.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 54,107 | 13.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: jet fuel supply | 27,971 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 6,937 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 94,941 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 54,107 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 53,253 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 31,917 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 29,042 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 27,971 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 27,319 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 26,599 | 11.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 21,867 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 19,247 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 8,996 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy (own refineries) | 8,992 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 6,937 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 3,662 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (94,941 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (54,107 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (27,971 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (26,599 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (6,937 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,662 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.