Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Italy's petrol supply was 1,354 kt: 99% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (23%), Azerbaijan (14%) and the United States (12%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya311 kt (est. 23%)Azerbaijan186 kt (est. 14%)United States159 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan129 kt (est. 10%)Iraq112 kt (est. 8%)Algeria52 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria52 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins170 kt (est. 13%)Italy: crude not from imports155 kt (11%)Italy: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.35 Mt (99%)Israel4.8 kt (<1%)Austria3.3 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.35 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Israel
- Austria
- United Kingdom
- Libya311 kt (est. 23%)
- Azerbaijan186 kt (est. 14%)
- United States159 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan129 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq112 kt (est. 8%)
- Algeria52 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria52 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins170 kt (est. 13%)
- Italy: crude not from imports155 kt (11%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,345,911 | 99.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Israel | Italy: petrol supply | 4,764 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Italy: petrol supply | 3,301 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 310,419 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 186,049 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 169,292 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 159,244 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 155,048 | 11.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 127,464 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 112,193 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 52,439 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy (own refineries) | 52,417 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 21,346 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 4,764 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,979 | 60.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 450 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 424 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 302 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 77 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Austria | 37 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 32 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 16 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (155,048 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (21,346 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,780 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (77 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.