Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Italy's petrol supply was 1,082 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (27%), Azerbaijan (15%) and Iraq (10%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya288 kt (est. 27%)Azerbaijan159 kt (est. 15%)Iraq109 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan97 kt (est. 9%)United States82 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia80 kt (est. 7%)Algeria36 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins172 kt (est. 16%)Italy: crude not from imports32 kt (3%)Italy: crude origin not reported26 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.03 Mt (95%)Greece53 kt (5%)Austria3.0 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.08 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- Austria
- United Kingdom
- Libya288 kt (est. 27%)
- Azerbaijan159 kt (est. 15%)
- Iraq109 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan97 kt (est. 9%)
- United States82 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia80 kt (est. 7%)
- Algeria36 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins172 kt (est. 16%)
- Italy: crude not from imports32 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported26 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,026,411 | 94.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 52,798 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Italy: petrol supply | 2,974 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 278,882 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 166,222 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 157,367 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 86,788 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 85,409 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 82,189 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 76,601 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy (own refineries) | 35,567 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 31,586 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 25,801 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 22,397 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 10,290 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 9,017 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 5,061 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,682 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,993 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,089 | 36.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 738 | 24.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 569 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 359 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 206 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 156 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 115 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 58 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Austria | 44 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 10 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (31,586 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (25,801 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (565 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (10 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.