Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Italy's jet fuel supply was 434 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (15%), Egypt (13%) and Türkiye (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (17%), Azerbaijan (8%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 41% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya72 kt (est. 17%)Azerbaijan37 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 7%)Iraq26 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia26 kt (est. 6%)United States18 kt (est. 4%)Norway7.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins42 kt (est. 10%)India: no crude data66 kt (15%)Egypt: no crude data55 kt (13%)Türkiye: no crude data30 kt (7%)Italy: crude not from imports16 kt (4%)Slovenia: no refinery8.2 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)248 kt (57%)India66 kt (15%)Egypt55 kt (13%)Türkiye30 kt (7%)Greece28 kt (6%)Slovenia8.2 kt (2%)Italy: jet fuel supply434 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Libya72 kt (est. 17%)
- Azerbaijan37 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq26 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia26 kt (est. 6%)
- United States18 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway7.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins42 kt (est. 10%)
- India: no crude data66 kt (15%)
- Egypt: no crude data55 kt (13%)
- Türkiye: no crude data30 kt (7%)
- Italy: crude not from imports16 kt (4%)
- Slovenia: no refinery8.2 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 248,355 | 57.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 65,541 | 15.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 54,526 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: jet fuel supply | 29,938 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: jet fuel supply | 27,851 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 8,240 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 67,382 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 65,541 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 54,526 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 40,717 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 35,405 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 29,938 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 24,714 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 22,608 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 18,331 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 16,482 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 15,295 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 10,403 | 37.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 8,240 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Italy (own refineries) | 4,933 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,873 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 4,367 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,045 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 2,762 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 2,487 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,480 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 921 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (65,541 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (54,526 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (29,938 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (16,482 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (8,240 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,487 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.