Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Italy's petrol supply was 1,352 kt: 92% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (26%), Azerbaijan (13%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya347 kt (est. 26%)Azerbaijan178 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan128 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia117 kt (est. 9%)United States102 kt (est. 8%)Iraq84 kt (est. 6%)Mexico43 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins227 kt (est. 17%)Italy: crude not from imports83 kt (6%)United Kingdom: no crude data29 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.25 Mt (92%)Spain60 kt (4%)United Kingdom29 kt (2%)Netherlands8.0 kt (<1%)Greece7.3 kt (<1%)Türkiye2.2 kt (<1%)Austria0.2 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.35 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Greece
- Türkiye
- Austria
- Libya347 kt (est. 26%)
- Azerbaijan178 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan128 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia117 kt (est. 9%)
- United States102 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq84 kt (est. 6%)
- Mexico43 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins227 kt (est. 17%)
- Italy: crude not from imports83 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data29 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,245,803 | 92.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Italy: petrol supply | 59,884 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Italy: petrol supply | 28,594 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: petrol supply | 8,008 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 7,295 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: petrol supply | 2,169 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 338,002 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 192,723 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 177,602 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 123,972 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 113,408 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 91,952 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 82,678 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 76,724 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy (own refineries) | 36,267 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 28,873 | 48.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 28,594 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 12,475 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 7,861 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 7,148 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 6,624 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,339 | 54.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 3,963 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 2,898 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 2,725 | 37.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,228 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 2,169 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,806 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,276 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 1,144 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 965 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 797 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 599 | 7.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 559 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 388 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 377 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 289 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 203 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Netherlands | 60 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 57 | 28.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 53 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 52 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 37 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 23 | 11.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 14 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 11 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 10 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 6 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 5 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Italy split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (82,678 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (28,594 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (13,074 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,169 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (312 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.