Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, Italy's jet fuel supply was 547 kt: 56% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (12%), Türkiye (11%) and Greece (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (16%), Kazakhstan (9%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 37% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya89 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan51 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan42 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia33 kt (est. 6%)United States29 kt (est. 5%)Iraq22 kt (est. 4%)Mexico12 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins67 kt (est. 12%)India: no crude data65 kt (12%)Türkiye: no crude data58 kt (11%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data40 kt (7%)Egypt: no crude data28 kt (5%)Slovenia: no refinery8.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)305 kt (56%)India65 kt (12%)Türkiye58 kt (11%)Greece43 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia40 kt (7%)Egypt28 kt (5%)Slovenia8.1 kt (1%)Italy: jet fuel supply547 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- India
- Türkiye
- Greece
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Slovenia
- Libya89 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan51 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan42 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia33 kt (est. 6%)
- United States29 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq22 kt (est. 4%)
- Mexico12 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins67 kt (est. 12%)
- India: no crude data65 kt (12%)
- Türkiye: no crude data58 kt (11%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data40 kt (7%)
- Egypt: no crude data28 kt (5%)
- Slovenia: no refinery8.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 305,194 | 55.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 64,774 | 11.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: jet fuel supply | 57,984 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: jet fuel supply | 42,951 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 40,381 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: jet fuel supply | 27,946 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 8,142 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 81,923 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 64,774 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 60,422 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 57,984 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 41,946 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 40,381 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 39,757 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 27,946 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 27,896 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 27,384 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 11,761 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy (own refineries) | 11,634 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 10,143 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 8,927 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 8,142 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Greece | 7,165 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 6,169 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 5,214 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 4,089 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 2,364 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 1,350 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (64,774 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (57,984 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (40,381 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (27,946 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (8,142 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,089 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.