Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Italy's petrol supply was 1,290 kt: 96% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (24%), Kazakhstan (16%) and Azerbaijan (13%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya315 kt (est. 24%)Kazakhstan205 kt (est. 16%)Azerbaijan169 kt (est. 13%)United States131 kt (est. 10%)Saudi Arabia99 kt (est. 8%)Brazil37 kt (est. 3%)Venezuela33 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins243 kt (est. 19%)Italy: crude not from imports58 kt (5%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.23 Mt (96%)Spain30 kt (2%)Greece27 kt (2%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.29 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Spain
- Greece
- United Kingdom
- Libya315 kt (est. 24%)
- Kazakhstan205 kt (est. 16%)
- Azerbaijan169 kt (est. 13%)
- United States131 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia99 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil37 kt (est. 3%)
- Venezuela33 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins243 kt (est. 19%)
- Italy: crude not from imports58 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,233,431 | 95.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Italy: petrol supply | 29,920 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 26,967 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 306,544 | 24.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 218,561 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 196,350 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 168,957 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 124,779 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 95,177 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 58,443 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Italy (own refineries) | 33,682 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Italy (own refineries) | 30,938 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 13,423 | 44.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 10,899 | 40.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 5,879 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,504 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3,732 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 3,599 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 3,414 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 2,647 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,619 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,569 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain | 1,682 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,443 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 418 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 58 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 3 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (58,443 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.