Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Italy's jet fuel supply was 667 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (20%) and Türkiye (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (14%), Kazakhstan (11%) and the United States (9%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya97 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan74 kt (est. 11%)United States61 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan49 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia30 kt (est. 4%)Brazil22 kt (est. 3%)Norway16 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins94 kt (est. 14%)India: no crude data132 kt (20%)Türkiye: no crude data41 kt (6%)Nigeria: no crude data32 kt (5%)Italy: crude not from imports8.8 kt (1%)Slovenia: no refinery8.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)391 kt (59%)India132 kt (20%)Türkiye41 kt (6%)Netherlands33 kt (5%)Nigeria32 kt (5%)Spain30 kt (4%)Slovenia8.5 kt (1%)Italy: jet fuel supply667 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- India
- Türkiye
- Netherlands
- Nigeria
- Spain
- Slovenia
- Libya97 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan74 kt (est. 11%)
- United States61 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan49 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia30 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil22 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway16 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins94 kt (est. 14%)
- India: no crude data132 kt (20%)
- Türkiye: no crude data41 kt (6%)
- Nigeria: no crude data32 kt (5%)
- Italy: crude not from imports8.8 kt (1%)
- Slovenia: no refinery8.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: jet fuel supply | 390,753 | 58.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Italy: jet fuel supply | 132,020 | 19.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: jet fuel supply | 40,975 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: jet fuel supply | 32,995 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Italy: jet fuel supply | 31,971 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: jet fuel supply | 29,871 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Italy: jet fuel supply | 8,545 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 132,020 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 92,470 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 70,356 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 67,421 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 49,126 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 47,446 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 40,975 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 31,971 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 28,557 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy (own refineries) | 16,871 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 15,095 | 50.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy (own refineries) | 9,718 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 8,894 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 8,788 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 8,580 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 8,545 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 5,735 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 4,388 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 3,381 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,326 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,901 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,794 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,615 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,581 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,461 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 684 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 261 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 112 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 59 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (132,020 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (40,975 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Nigeria: no crude data (31,971 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (8,788 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (8,545 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,901 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.