Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Latvia's petrol supply was 16 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (61%) and Finland (36%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (53%), Saudi Arabia (19%) and the United States (14%), and 3% cannot be traced.
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Crude origin (estimate)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: petrol supply | 9,934 | 60.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Latvia: petrol supply | 5,927 | 36.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Latvia: petrol supply | 522 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland | 5,258 | 88.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 3,471 | 34.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 3,147 | 31.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 2,035 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 1,277 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Estonia: no refinery | Estonia | 522 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 240 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 235 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Finland | 178 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 15 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Latvia’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Estonia: no refinery (522 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (19 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.