Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Latvia's jet fuel supply was 11 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (73%), the Russia (21%) and the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (31%), Norway (26%) and the United States (11%), and 21% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia3.5 kt (est. 31%)Norway3.0 kt (est. 26%)United States1.2 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom0.8 kt (est. 7%)Algeria0.4 kt (est. 3%)Brazil0.1 kt (est. <1%)Nigeria0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)Russia: no crude data2.4 kt (21%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Lithuania8.4 kt (73%)Russia2.4 kt (21%)Netherlands0.7 kt (6%)Estonialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Latvia: jet fuel supply11 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Lithuania
- Russia
- Netherlands
- Estonia
- Saudi Arabia3.5 kt (est. 31%)
- Norway3.0 kt (est. 26%)
- United States1.2 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom0.8 kt (est. 7%)
- Algeria0.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Nigeria0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Russia: no crude data2.4 kt (21%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: jet fuel supply | 8,384 | 73.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Russia | Latvia: jet fuel supply | 2,352 | 20.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Latvia: jet fuel supply | 679 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 3,445 | 41.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's jet fuel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 2,856 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's jet fuel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia: no crude data | Russia | 2,352 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Lithuania | 1,039 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's jet fuel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 694 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's jet fuel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 350 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's jet fuel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 195 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 114 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 105 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 59 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 59 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 56 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 42 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 41 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 8 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Estonia | 1 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Latvia’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Russia: no crude data (2,352 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (41 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (1 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.