Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Latvia's petrol supply was 79 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Finland (89%) and Lithuania (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (84%) and Saudi Arabia (6%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway67 kt (est. 84%)Saudi Arabia4.7 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom3.2 kt (est. 4%)Algeria1.1 kt (est. 1%)United States0.1 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.1 kt (est. <1%)Brazilless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)Finland: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (2%)Finland: crude not from imports0.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Finland71 kt (89%)Lithuania7.5 kt (9%)Netherlands0.5 kt (<1%)Estonia0.5 kt (<1%)Swedenless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Latvia: petrol supply79 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland
- Lithuania
- Netherlands
- Estonia
- Sweden
- Norway67 kt (est. 84%)
- Saudi Arabia4.7 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom3.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria1.1 kt (est. 1%)
- United States0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazilless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Finland: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (2%)
- Finland: crude not from imports0.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland | Latvia: petrol supply | 70,526 | 89.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Latvia: petrol supply | 7,501 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Latvia: petrol supply | 508 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Latvia: petrol supply | 470 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland | 65,276 | 92.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 4,731 | 63.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 2,856 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Finland: crude origin not reported | Finland | 1,586 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 1,267 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 1,139 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Finland: crude not from imports | Finland | 808 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Estonia | 470 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 306 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 133 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 89 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 88 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 59 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 58 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 57 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 40 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 31 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 10 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 2 | 51.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 0 | 9.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Sweden | 0 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 0 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 0 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Latvia’s supply of petrol in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Finland: crude origin not reported (1,586 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Finland: crude not from imports (808 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (470 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (59 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (32 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.