Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Luxembourg's road diesel supply was 84 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Belgium (79%) and the Netherlands (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Norway (15%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States18 kt (est. 21%)Norway12 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom9.3 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria7.2 kt (est. 9%)Iraq6.7 kt (est. 8%)Brazil5.8 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan5.1 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins14 kt (est. 16%)Belgium: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium66 kt (79%)Netherlands14 kt (17%)Germany3.8 kt (4%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Luxembourg: road diesel supply84 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Germany
- France
- United States18 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway12 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom9.3 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria7.2 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq6.7 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil5.8 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan5.1 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins14 kt (est. 16%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2023)
13.5 thousand tonnes
est. 16% of Luxembourg's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported14 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Belgium11 kt (est. 84%)
- Germany1.1 kt (est. 8%)
- Netherlands1.1 kt (est. 8%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 66,153 | 78.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 13,917 | 16.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 3,769 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Belgium | 13,185 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 11,283 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,096 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 7,447 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 5,520 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,080 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 4,833 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 4,600 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,111 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,865 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,775 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,638 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,598 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,515 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,134 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,132 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,087 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 715 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 679 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 626 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 535 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 403 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 261 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 224 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 177 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 169 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 116 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 37 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3 | 36.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (5,080 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (857 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (116 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.