Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Luxembourg's road diesel supply was 94 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (79%), Germany (14%) and the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States20 kt (est. 22%)Norway15 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan9.9 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria8.4 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom7.0 kt (est. 7%)Angola6.4 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia3.9 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins15 kt (est. 16%)Belgium: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (7%)Germany: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Belgium75 kt (79%)Germany13 kt (14%)Netherlands6.0 kt (6%)Luxembourg: road diesel supply94 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Germany
- Netherlands
- United States20 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway15 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan9.9 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria8.4 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom7.0 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola6.4 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia3.9 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins15 kt (est. 16%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (7%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2024)
8.4 thousand tonnes
est. 9% of Luxembourg's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported8.4 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Belgium7.5 kt (est. 89%)
- Netherlands0.5 kt (est. 6%)
- Germany0.4 kt (est. 5%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 74,958 | 79.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 13,449 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 5,981 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Belgium | 15,694 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 11,616 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,824 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,863 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 7,520 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6,329 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Belgium | 6,112 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5,612 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 3,389 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,096 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,018 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,842 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,716 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,654 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,083 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 983 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 922 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 884 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 520 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 497 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 409 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 386 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 370 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 357 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 293 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Germany | 179 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 115 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 104 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (6,329 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (983 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (357 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (293 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.