Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Luxembourg's road diesel supply was 83 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Belgium (79%), Germany (12%) and the Netherlands (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway15 kt (est. 18%)United States15 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan11 kt (est. 13%)Brazil6.1 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom5.2 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria5.0 kt (est. 6%)Iraq4.3 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 14%)Belgium: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (10%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium66 kt (79%)Germany10 kt (12%)Netherlands6.9 kt (8%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Luxembourg: road diesel supply83 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Germany
- Netherlands
- France
- Norway15 kt (est. 18%)
- United States15 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan11 kt (est. 13%)
- Brazil6.1 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom5.2 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria5.0 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq4.3 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 14%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (10%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2024)
15.1 thousand tonnes
est. 18% of Luxembourg's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported15 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Belgium12 kt (est. 80%)
- Germany1.9 kt (est. 13%)
- Netherlands1.1 kt (est. 8%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 66,129 | 79.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 10,188 | 12.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 6,872 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium | 12,096 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 12,003 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 9,204 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,652 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 8,217 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 5,290 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 4,182 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,560 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,924 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,795 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,905 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,526 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,499 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,152 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,148 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 885 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 773 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 716 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 708 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 668 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 661 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 582 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 543 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 510 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 498 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 344 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 94 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 53 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3 | 32.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of road diesel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (8,217 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,204 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (53 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.