Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Luxembourg's road diesel supply was 97 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Belgium (80%) and the Netherlands (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), the United States (14%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway20 kt (est. 21%)United States14 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom10 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan9.9 kt (est. 10%)Iraq5.7 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia5.5 kt (est. 6%)Angola5.0 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins21 kt (est. 22%)Belgium: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium78 kt (80%)Netherlands15 kt (16%)Germany4.3 kt (4%)Luxembourg: road diesel supply97 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Norway20 kt (est. 21%)
- United States14 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom10 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan9.9 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq5.7 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia5.5 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola5.0 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins21 kt (est. 22%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2023)
4.3 thousand tonnes
4% of Luxembourg's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Belgium4.3 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 77,538 | 79.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 15,201 | 15.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 4,279 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 18,177 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 16,193 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 9,776 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 8,389 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 7,960 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 4,795 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,317 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 4,169 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,761 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,586 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,841 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,065 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,861 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,735 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,213 | 28.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,094 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 988 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 856 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 854 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 594 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 540 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 424 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 222 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 216 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 176 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 137 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 78 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (4,317 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (991 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (78 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.